Cult SF writer - JOHN KIPPAX: Science Fiction's Jazz Humourist

JOHN KIPPAX: 

SCIENCE FICTION’S 

JAZZ HUMOURIST 

Because of his ‘Venturer Twelve’ novels written with Dan Morgan, 

John Kippax is frequently seen as a hard-science writer of 

relentless Space Opera. But this is unfair. 

 He could be better than such detractors suggest. 

Andrew Darlington examines the evidence… 

The opening art-panel, in atmospheric black-and-red, is luringly striking. A ringed Saturnian planet suspended top-left in the dark star-spangled sky of arid world Krodos Seven. Two spacesuited figures stand besides their damaged scoutship. The taller, adult male – Lieutenant Jim Roberts, is pointing at a distant range of rugged rocks. The smaller, younger figure – Ensign Phil Wallace, looks up at him, questioningly. This dramatic art draws you into “Call Him Friday”, a text-story featured in the 1958 edition of the ‘Daily Mail Boys Annual’. Elsewhere within the book there are western tales, jungle adventures, hobbies pages and historical features targeted to excite schoolboy readers.

There’s a Captain WE Johns ‘Biggles’ yarn, and a crime-detection case for prolific Eric Leyland’s ‘free-lance adventurer David Flame’. There’s even an opening speculative fact-feature, “Into Unknown Space” by AM Dutton, which beguiles its readers ‘I think it can be stated with some degree of certainty that within the next fifty years (that is, within your lifetime) man will be ready to make the journey into outer space’. Despite the accuracy of this prediction, John Kippax – author of “Call Him Friday”, doesn’t mess with such trivial predictions, he sets his space-adventure heroes in the far-future year 3127AD!

In a cave the stranded duo find the skeletal remains of a space ‘Robinson Crusoe’, the sole member of a three-hundred years old expedition previously marooned on Krodos Seven. But who, or what, is the Man Friday referred to in his ancient journal? Then they meet the dead spacer’s loyal robot companion, still functioning by cannibalising other robotic components from the original wreck, and operating sufficiently well to construct a radio, using antiquated acid-batteries, to send out a ‘Mayday’ signal for its two new ‘masters’. With touching pathos, as the rescue ship embarks in response to their message, Friday finally ceases, ‘no pilot light glowed’. As the pair prepare to leave, ‘there, now almost obliterated by drifting sand, they could just make out the almost human foot-prints’ left by the robot, faithful to, and beyond death.

Forgotten, and omitted from most of John Kippax’s existing bibliographies, this neat little seven-page story in a boy’s adventure annual shows all of the narrative skill and range of the more mature work he published in the Science Fiction magazines of the time. Indeed, the full wealth of fiction that Kippax produced across the span of the 1950’s and 1960’s is itself neglected and virtually overlooked. When he is discussed at all it is usually in terms of the militaristic Space Opera content of his ‘Venturer Twelve’ novels which lapped over into the 1970’s. There have even been critical accusations of unreconstructed sexist and racist attitudes. But this is unfair. He could be better than such detractors suggest.

Now think ‘Avatar’, James Cameron’s 2009 movie. A soulless rapacious corporation asset-stripping an idyllic planet, where the aliens live together in harmonious unity with each other and with their environment. But think, not 3D CGI depth of widescreen wonder. But just eleven pages of tight text in an April 1958 issue of modest Science Fiction magazine ‘Nebula’. This slight story – “End Planet”, goes some way towards refuting the easy stereotyping of John Kippax as a hard-science writer of relentless Space Opera. The aliens are thin pieces of shimmery colour named Half Crow, Long Yell, Tallpot, Footping, Troppo and Wallache. Although not native to the planet, they can merge into a single entity, and teleport around the world – and across space, helping other smaller native arachnid beings to shrink-wrap the corpses of their dead. The reason for this becomes gradually apparent. Seen from the alien’s uncomprehending point of view, the advance exploratory team from Star Trade Incorporated do not appreciate that, ‘on this planet, what they call death is infectious.’ Their killing, butchering, and meat-eating will trigger its own lethal retribution. A neat little parable with a wholesome eco-message.

A follow-up story, “Thy Rod And Thy Staff” in the December issue of the same magazine, has a similar pacifist spine to its theme. This time it unobtrusively features a priest as its central protagonist, Bill Kibbee, visiting planet Moen III, a superhot world haunted by elusive red-eyed aboriginal Moes. In a taut and tightly-constructed group-jeopardy plot, Kibbee and pilot Sims are stranded when a helicopter they’re using is brought down by a flight of birds, and it’s the hated and hunted psi-enabled Moes who help them survive the hostile conditions. But only when the two humans have exhausted their arsenal of weapons, and are unarmed.

As these brief plotlines suggest, each story is distinctive, and distinctly different. Which is another aspect to any attempted appraisal of John Kippax fiction…

UNFINISHED SYMPHONIES 

Born 10 June 1915 in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, ‘John Kippax’ was actually the pen name used by John Charles Hynam. His literary collaborator and close personal friend writer-guitarist Dan Morgan recalls that ‘John had a larger-than-life physical and psychic presence. Likeable, eccentric, egocentric, kind, brusque, take your pick from the thesaurus to describe him, he was all of these and more’ (in the postscript to the novel ‘Where No Stars Guide’, published posthumously in 1975). Round-of-face, dark-haired and bespectacled, Kippax qualified as an English master at a grammar school where he was soon writing ‘at least one thousand words a day despite the inroads on his mental health by small boys.’ He claimed ‘voracious reading habits’ and wrote non-genre fiction for children’s literary magazine ‘Young Elizabethan’, and for Putnam’s ‘Pick Of Today’s Short Stories’ (1954) edited by John Pudney, but – as he confided to a ‘New Worlds’ Writer Profile ‘I began to write science fiction almost as soon as I started to read it,’ calling it jokily ‘a disability from which I never expect to completely recover’ (no.58, April 1957).

The debut Kippax tale – “Dimple”, in ‘Science Fantasy’ (No.11, December 1954), is an impressively assured piece narrated in a jaunty first-person style. Framed as a message from pfc Herman J Herman on the Mars colony it describes Master-Sergeant Miller as a man who’s ‘face would not only stop a clock, it would make it shout for mercy too… my buddy Satchmo, who drives a truck for the service corps says why don’t we find a nice big bug-eyed monster and throw him to it? Because, I say, the BEM would throw him right back.’ This satire of the ‘brutal and licentious soldiery’ anticipates Harry Harrison’s ‘Bill, The Galactic Hero’ (1965), and while positively introducing racial diversity into the Ordnance Corps, Satchmo is dubiously described as ‘a southern states American whom you would miss completely on a dark night.’

Satchmo is also a clue to another passion. Introducing a story called “Solid Beat” (for ‘Science Fantasy’ no.25, October 1957) editor John Carnell observes that ‘for a long time jazz has been in close affinity to fantasy fiction – it is surprising the number of writers and readers we have who are keenly interested in both – and perhaps a psychologist could give good reasons why this is so. It is not surprising, therefore, that John Kippax who is himself a jazz-man has chosen a theme incorporating both mediums.’

Kippax was a musician who played in a dance band alongside Dan Morgan, and he wrote authoritatively about music for ‘Melody Maker’. His humorous tale of a mysterious bass-player recruited by saxophonist George Vallis’ Quintet attempts a knowing insider’s peek into the Beat Generation sub-world. Portraying guitarist Dan who ‘stuck to beer and guitars and science fiction,’ and a madcap drummer with a drink and gambling problem, while taking amusing shots at bop prosidy such as ‘Sid Farrar was a boy headed straight for the main furnace. What a drummer. What a louse!’ and expletives such as ‘not corpuscular likely!’ (a Beat-elaboration of ‘not bloody likely’).

The problem with writing a detailed analysis of John Kippax’s work is its diversity. It’s difficult to pin down a unique trait, or stylistic continuity – except, maybe for this jazz-thread, and for what Ken Bulmer calls his ‘elusive spirit of comedy.’ He was many things in many stories, but questing for that key to Kippax fiction, maybe it lies here – as British SF’s Jazz Humourist?

His stories reflect the tone and attitudes, and in some ways preserve snapshots of their time. George Mossendew is a socially-dysfunctional obsessive model-making hobbyist. What we’d now term a nerd, who gets the opportunity to do backgrounds for what Kippax calls ‘a series of puppet advertising films’. But commercial television was in its infancy. The very first TV-ad (22 September 1955) – for Gibbs SR toothpaste was broadcast the same year, but prior to the story’s publication. So if the model-making wasn’t for TV, what exactly did Kippax have in mind? Gerry Anderson’s ingenious animations still lay years into the future (including his own work for ‘Fireball XL5’). So maybe it was a Pearl & Dean cinema-ad? Whatever, Mossendew’s success leads to a commission for a film being produced at Elmwood Studios – ‘Conquest Of The Moon’, where Kippax slyly name-checks George Pal (of ‘Conquest Of Space’, 1955), and Chesley Bonestell whose photo-realistic art was used for Pal’s film. For Elmwood, read Elstree Studios.

Readers of ‘Science Fantasy’ would knowingly pick up these in-joke references, just as they would know what ‘Gilbert Harding spectacles’ look like. The fantasy element enters when, pushed to meet an impossible deadline, he buys large-format astronomical photos from a secretive contact who approaches him in the pub, one of which turns out to have been ‘taken with a flash bomb from the side of the moon we never see – the dark side.’ Of course, prior to orbital probes, nothing was then known about the moon’s hidden face. The only clue is supplied by the story title – “Mossendew’s Martian”.

He plays literary pranks too. In “By The Forelock” (‘Authentic Science Fiction’ no.77, February 1957) he enters the fiercely contested academic debate about the true provenance of William Shakespeare’s plays. Determined to discover the truth, Uncle Pyropeles uses Time Tours to travel back to February 1602 where his memorised quotes help the Bard complete a troubling passage in ‘Twelfth Night’. Until his interference provokes a duel in which Francis Bacon runs Shakespeare through with a sword, killing him. So, contrary to Time Tours policy, Pyropeles determines to stay in the past ‘helping Francis Bacon to write the later plays of William Shakespeare’.

It’s true that the Bard has figured in other excursions into fantasy. Only a few years previous, Isaac Asimov’s “The Immortal Bard” (‘Universe’, May 1954) had used time-travel to bring Shakespeare forward to the present day, only to have him humiliated by failing a university course in his own work. But the paradox of replacing a historical figure in order to ensure cultural continuity looks forward more to Michael Moorcock’s ‘Behold The Man’ (1969), in which his time-traveller, Karl Glogauer steps into the role of a flawed Jesus, to live out the biblical account of his life. The Kippax story might be a brief playful piece, but the circular conundrum remains, if Pyropeles is writing the plays from memory, who was actually the author?

There’s more indeterminacy in “Salute Your Superiors!” (‘Authentic SF’ no 79, April 1957). Former-astronaut Wrokel is confined to a mental hospital where he writes his highly-fictionalised memoirs of adventures across the solar system, which affectionately recall the contents of some of the more trashy SF magazines, while in reality ‘we’ve never yet come across a scrap of humanoid life outside Terra.’ So what happens when he encounters a genuine visitor from Arcturus IV?

There’s evidence of a change in his writing towards the mid-sixties. Partly due to shifts in the market itself, as the mainstay magazines fell away. But also as a result of altered literary emphasis. Anthologising one of his stories for the ‘Weird Shadows From Beyond’ (1965) collection, John Carnell notes that Kippax ‘has had a wide variety of short stories published over the years, mostly in the Science Fiction and Fantasy categories, although his output is now relatively small – under another name he now writes radio and television plays and serials.’ Which is true. But around the same time, Kippax also commenced a parallel career writing supernatural fiction under his own name, John Hynam (but also wrote as Joan, or Jane Hyman, or Julian Frey). Indeed Carnell had already argued that ‘we have always maintained that John Kippax is a natural fantasy writer rather than a science fiction one, although he strongly disagrees with its contention’ (introduction to “The Underling” in ‘New Worlds’ no.62, August 1957).

Kippax quotes the aspirational examples of Arthur C Clarke and John Christopher as not only great SF writers, but better quality writers than their American counterparts. While, with regard to his own creative process, he explains ‘I believe in the ‘think piece’ method of working out a story, which is to put a bare notion at the top of the page and pound the typewriter for as many thousand words as it takes for the story idea to emerge.’ Admitting modestly that ‘this system does not often fail.’ Yet despite this improvisational free-flowing methodology, Kippax was never destined to join the pantheon of greats he quotes as models. Maybe clues to why this is so lie in the story which best draws on his jazz authenticity, cover-illustrated by Brian Lewis for ‘Science Fantasy’ (no.34, April 1959). “The Lady Was Jazz” – almost a Beat Generation Bop paean to the magic of jazz, and one of his finest tales, features jazz trumpeter Lou Joris who ducks the temptation of greatness for a more comfortable mainstream competency, he ‘was not of the stuff from which truly top flight jazzmen are made; he just didn’t have that kind of greatness. He was a good musician, with a good band, and he had a good woman who loved him. That would have to be enough.’

John Kippax was a good writer, who contributed many fine stories to some great magazines. But maybe he lacked the stuff from which truly top flight fantasists are made? If so, according to his own logic, that was enough.

Which may also explain the genesis of the good-natured ‘Venturer Twelve’ novel series, co-authored with Dan Morgan. His link with Morgan goes all the way back to John’s fiction co-debut – “Trojan Hearse”, co-written with Dan as early as 1954, and published in ‘New Worlds’ no.30. Morgan had a two-year start, having begun in ‘New Worlds’ no.13 in January 1952, with a story called “Alien Analysis”. The long-term association culminated in the two writers collaborating on the first three volumes of this widescreen Space Opera series. Kippax wrote the fourth book himself, trading in the distinctive oddness of his short fiction for these mainstream hard-bitten – but essentially soft-centred, action-adventures.

The first volume – ‘A Thunder Of Stars’ (1968), introduces Commander Tom Bruce whose commitment to the ideals of the Space Corps mission are placed above and beyond his own and anyone else’s humanity. Even to the extent of axing his relationship with courageous, dedicated and sensitive former lover Helen Lindstrom. Only for the tough macho spacer to demand her as Second in Command of their crew when he’s given command of the Corps’ newest ship ‘Venturer Twelve’ itself – variously described as ‘a giant egg on stilts’ or an ‘enormous oblately spheroidal bulk on three angled tripod legs.’

Space Corps is a constant through his earlier short fiction, but then again, it’s a fairly routine variant used as a catch-all for Star Fleet or Space Patrol. There’s doggerel verse at the opening of each chapter, some questionable sex scenes, and militaristic techno-porn consistent with Robert A Heinlein’s ‘Starship Troopers’ universe. Arguably there are sexist and racist elements too. He positively introduces multiracial crews with strong female members, yet the downside is that this allows what we’d now consider dubious humour, and if they’re products of their times, they seem to be unquestioningly accepted. But there are tongue-in-cheek elements too. As noted by Morgan, the character of Admiral Junius Farragut Carter, Captain Bruce’s boss, is ‘Hynam’s own wryly conceived self-caricature.’

Bruce takes tough decisions even Captain Kirk might baulk at. In ‘Seed Of Stars’ (1972) he exterminates an entire colony that’s fallen victim to alien experimentation. But instead of tracking the malevolent aliens down, he gets sidetracked on a diplomatic mission to Kepler, a colony world governed by its founding Japanese corporation. A parallel narrative follows Mia and Piet’s shipboard romance. In the Corps it’s permissible to have sex with a crewmate, so long as it doesn’t contravene command hierarchy, which crewperson Mia and medical doctor Piet’s relationship does. Piet even disables Mia’s contraceptive implant in order for her to have his child. They plan to abandon ship at Kepler, which is petitioning for independence enabling it to conduct its own affairs. Again Commander Tom must make seemingly heartless decisions.

In ‘The Neutral Stars’ (1973) ‘Twelve’ and her sister ships are tasked with protecting space-faring humanity as best they can from escalating incursions by the mysterious aliens. Their origin and nature never clarified, beyond having ‘come from somewhere within the holes in space.’ In response, United Earth Government needs to commandeer an entire world – sufficient to contain the forces unleashed by warp-drive research, but is incapable of raising the finance, while knowing the aliens already possess such sub-space technology, and unaware that their worst enemy is right here on Earth. The fourth novel – ‘Where No Stars Guide’ (1975), by John Kippax alone, sees Earth faced by the arrival of an enormous shimmering gold space-sphere, with its strange problematic cargo. Surgeon Lieutenant Creighton needs the ‘Twelve’ to capture a living alien, just as Tom Bruce is assigned to protect Elsa Niebohr, who has chosen a Balomain planet for Excelsior Corp’s research into the elusive warp-drive, as the home-world’s need for it becomes even more vital.

These readable, if undemanding novels, sold respectably well, gathering a loyal readership. And with the interstellar struggle gathering momentum, it clearly indicates exploits ahead for Commander Bruce and his Space Corps team, were it not for John Hynam’s tragically premature death. Dan Morgan signaled his intention of writing a fifth volume, but he died 24 November 2011 without having done so, leaving ‘Venturer Twelve’ poised on a permanent cliff-hanger, doomed never to be resolved.

John Hynam was killed on the sunny afternoon of 17 July 1974 – aged just fifty-nine, when a lorry hit his newly-acquired Mini at Werrington, a few miles outside Peterborough. He left a wife, Phyl, and a daughter, Jennifer – who a week before had given birth to his first grandchild, a son, an event he was eagerly anticipating.

As Dan Morgan’s postscript to ‘Where No Stars Guide’ recounts, John Kippax was ‘a man of enormous enthusiasms, he died as he lived, at full speed.’

JOHN KIPPAX: BIBLIOFILE 

SHORT STORIES 

1954 – “Dimple” (‘Science Fantasy no.11’, December 1954) Marsport is ‘a great expanse of sweet Fanny Adams, flat and hard’, where a rodent-problem is solved by Aunt Gertrude’s smuggled dachshund. Herman doesn’t admit the rats were inadvertently imported in a compartment in Dimple’s box! Knockabout humor

1954 – “Trojan Hearse” (‘New Worlds no.30, December 1954) written with Dan Morgan. Illustrated by Brian Lewis. ‘It has always been a recognised prerogative in wartime that opponents allow the Red Cross to succour the injured although there have been many incidents where this humane cause has been ignored. How would an alien race react to such a measure during a space battle? Especially if there had been no common basis of negotiation beforehand’ Earth is besieged behind force-field defense-screens by an alien fleet, neither side able to break the impasse. Robert Wallace, Commissioner of Terran Security Police, uses the Red Cross truce as a cover to attack and destroy the enemy ships, unaware that they’ve also used the truce to infiltrate the bodies of the dead humans he has retrieved from space…

1955 – “Mossendew’s Martian” (‘Science Fantasy no.13’, April 1955) illustrated by Quinn. ‘One of the biggest difficulties being experienced in the making of science fiction films is necessity for ‘accurate’ extra-terrestrial scenery. Until the first on-the-spot photographs from the Moon or Mars reach us, the artists’ imagination must serve instead’

1955 – “Down To Earth” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.57’, May 1955) ‘In Africa, as here, you never can tell what children may get up to!’ A missing Postal-rocket over Nairobi, and a dematerialising car leads George Chaffee to Billy Pado, a young African boy with psi-telekinetic abilities. Finally, flying him to London for ‘corrective’ brain-surgery Chaffee seems to be about to use him to ‘wish away’ tyrannical boss PP Matthews! The issue also includes ‘Kwakiutl’ – a consumerist satire on conspicuous consumption by Dan Morgan and ‘Pogsmith’ – about a shapeshifting alien on a Galactic Zoo on Mercury by Brian W Aldiss

1955 – “Special Delivery” (‘Science Fantasy no.14’, June 1955) illustrated by Woodward. A second ‘Dimple’ story, fizzing with snappy humorous prose, ‘today three freight ships have come in, a thing never before known, not even on our colonel’s birthday’, and ‘a nightmare ship with little men in plastic suits operating it’ seen from a Venus orbit station – ‘Bug Men Seen!!! Space Station Men Go Crazy!!!’

1955 – “Hounded Down” (‘Science Fantasy no.16’, November 1955) illustrated by Alan Hunter. A third ‘Dimple’ tale, ‘life in the Ordnance Dept of Mars Base will never be dull as long as Herman’s dachshund Dimple continues to poke her nose into other people’s business – this time it is a case (or some cases) of stolen supplies’. Essentially, National Service humorous scrapes which just happen to be set on Mars

1955 – “Mother Of Invention” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.64’ December 1955), story in the form of a resignation letter, George Donnison tells how he met Skirmer in a Bar, one of two retired-scientists who used ‘Project Brooklyn’ as a cover to invent the Tomasso-teleport, and how to synthesise the uranium atom. Not a strong story, its strengths lie largely in wacky dialogue interplay

1956 – “Again” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.65’, January 1956). Poor, clumsy, what Michael Moorcock calls a ‘shaggy god’ story. Robot Faraki from an Earth decimated by the Gripping Sickness regenerate a human on a new world. His female companion says ‘my name is Eve’

1956 – “Fair Weather Friend” (‘Science Fantasy no.18’ May 1956) thefts from struggling ‘Blane-Moskowitz Rainmaking Inc’ are due to Men-O-Tah, time-travelling ancient Egyptian who is subsequently inadvertently responsible for Noah’s Flood. American setting with Ginny ‘as nicely stacked a little bundle as you’re ever likely to see in this neck of the cactus’

1956 – “Waif Astray” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.67’, March 1956) Told in folksy American, little Billy is a misfit in Little Corinth, until Mr Dirim, who shrinks folk and puts them in his bag. Sam is skeptical at first, but watches it through a telescope from the Vogelsang cave-mouth. Seems Billy is a zif-bomb planted by the alien Dirimi, who will detonate when the cops take him to New York, where Terra’s leaders are meeting

1956 – “We Are One” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.73’, September 1956) ‘It is important to any culture that visitors to that culture conform – one way or another’ On triple-sunned Khios Seven they welcome death as part of a cycle of renewal, as part of the ONE, when Creed murders Simister, it seems the humans are also part of ONE

1956 – “We’re Only Human” (‘New Worlds no.53’, November 1956) John Carnell commends its ‘double approach’ to ‘both robotics and child psychology’, yet it’s a simple – almost juvenile tale, of a schoolboy who wants a personal robot like all the others boys, so his Gramp adapts an old model, it turns out to be an outlawed ‘freewill’ thousand-year-old model which protects and helps him

1956 – “Cut And Come Again” (‘Science Fantasy no.20’, December 1956) Piotr Lugan is commissioned by grotesque clients to construct a guillotine unaware that, in a partial dream-sequence, he is also to be the executioner. On waking he’s been paid in full, in eighteen-century guineas

1957 – “By The Forelock” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.77’, February 1957) ‘Did Bacon write Shakespeare? Did Shakespeare write Bacon? Or is there another solution?’

1957 –“Finegan Begin Again” (‘Science Fantasy no.21’, February 1957) ‘Take a tired and jaded leprechaun with failing powers who passes on to a mortal some of his own magic, add an eligible bachelor and some designing women and you have a high-powered story.’ A silly comic fantasy

1957 – “Salute Your Superiors!” (‘Authentic Science Fiction no.79’, April 1957) ‘It was such a pity that the visitor was weak on procedure. It was even more of a pity that he met the one man who couldn’t tolerate insubordination’

1957 – “Point Of Contact” (‘New Worlds no.58’, April 1957), on planet Lemnos III, crewman ‘Bingo’ Bingley’s simple juggling skills connect with the previously uncommunicative natives, plus a ‘New Worlds Profile: John Kippax’ page

1957 – “After Eddie” (‘Science Fantasy no.23’, June 1957) on his way to a ‘World Laboratories’ job-interview scientist Henry Soames calls off at ‘Neyto’ in Leather Street for a haircut with a talkative barber. The name is abbreviated from ‘(Swee)NEY TO(dd)’, the barber a purple-haired alien

1957 – “The Underlings” (‘New Worlds no.62’, August 1957) ‘The following story certainly conforms to our science fiction requirements – yet it could just as easily be published in ‘Science Fantasy’. You will see why as the story unfolds’ The coming of the quiet beautiful Terrans seen through the poetic perspective of Kolem musician Efran Klira, who’s love for Jacqueline leads him to overhear her message ‘multiple aptitudes robot two-three-one signing off’

1957 – “Solid Beat” (‘Science Fantasy no.25’ October 1957) jazz drummer Sid Farrar reads ‘Melody News’ – a fictional amalgam of ‘Melody Maker’ (to which Kippax was a contributor) and ‘Jazz News’, and claims to get messages from the future. So what will the top drummer’s kit consist of in 2055 – ‘a couple of shinbones and a hollow log’. A mention of Theodore Sturgeon’s novelette ‘The Education of Drusilla Strange’ (‘Galaxy’ March 1954), about a young criminal sentenced to life on Earth, perhaps provides a clue

1957 – “Send Him Victorious” (‘Science Fantasy no.26’, December 1957) the university Quadro-Cyclotron accidentally projects Herbert Cole into a parallel Earth of 1996 not 1986 with a different National Anthem played at the cinema, in which his married girlfriend Edith is single – but he is married! A comic-fantasy, he accidentally escapes into yet another Earth, where there’s not even a Jerningham University…

1958 – “Me, Myself And I” (‘Science Fantasy no.27’, February 1958) ‘Just how active can one’s subconscious mind be stimulated? With five-sixths of the brain still very much a mystery there is plenty of scope for a fantasy writer to produce off-trail ideas centred around this theme. For instance, have you ever tried to be the person you would like to be?’ Meek unassuming Gordon Beale finds a book ‘Be Yourself”, and spins-off a more assertive alter-ego he calls ‘Harry’ who goes to work in his stead, does better, seduces the lovely June Daly, then defrauds the company. Harry then spins-off his own alter-ego…

1958 – “End Planet” (‘Nebula no.29’, April 1958) illustrated by Arthur Thomson. ‘The problem of this little planet had been solved by the infinite patience of alien minds – and then the Earthmen landed with their lust for blood.’

1958 – “Destiny Incorporated” (‘Science Fantasy no.30’, August 1958) Brian Lewis cover-art, ‘Is Man the master of his own Fate, or destined to follow an ordained path?’ Impressive novelette with Japanese-American Matsumura ‘Matty’ Tomokatsu in a baffle of illusions following accidentally running-down eight-year-old Rowena Temple at Bruton Springs, big corporate manipulation versus alien Predestinators who guide human destiny, anti-Japanese prejudice and love interest in nurse Yoko ‘Shirley’ Mishina

1958 – “The Dusty Death” (‘New Worlds no.77’, November 1958), John Carnell says ‘a fairly simple story of just how much a death trap the Moon will be when once Man manages to place a foot on it’ – as two antagonistic crewmen reconcile as they work together to escape a crevice in Aristarchus crater. Republished in the ‘Out Of This World no.2’ anthology edited by Annabel Williams-Ellis & Mably Owen, Blackie, 1961 and ‘Out Of This World Choice’ September 1972

1958 – “It” (‘Nebula no.36, November 1958) illustrated by Kenneth Barr. ‘He was but a pawn in the hands of a bitter enemy – and then fate too decided to intervene’. In an act of revenge for adultery, Dirck Huygens – ‘wolf of the spaceways’, is deposited on planet Lidar II with Rider, a ‘poisonous little drip’ of a man. Together they confront an invisible energy-being which dies after part-consuming Rider, ‘so, it couldn’t eat men. It had tried with his companion, and it had sicked him up and killed itself’. But with both Rider and alien gone, Huygens will be the only suspect for the man’s disappearance…

1958 – “Thy Rod And Thy Staff” (‘Nebula no.37’, December 1958) illustrated by John J Greengrass. ‘They were stranded on a strange and hostile world – and then its natives came to read their minds’

1958 – “Tower For One” (‘New Worlds no.73’, July 1958) having achieved financial independence as a water-engineer on Mars, Margesson devotes his life to art, but in a ‘symbolically dramatic fashion’ when his paintings are critically savaged he leaves Earth for idyllic colony-world Krios V. All the children there are art-geniuses far beyond his ability, the properties of the sun induce colour-blindness, and he is valued as a water-engineer, not an artist. A strangely ambiguous moral about hubris and maybe not ‘rising above your station in life’?

1958 – “Call Him Friday” (‘Daily Mail Boys Annual no.3’), adapted as adult variant for ‘New Worlds’. This juvenile annual-format edited by John Bellamy, with uncredited black+red art, also includes Capt WE Johns (“The Case Of The Two Bright Boys”) and Eric Leyland (“Flame Of The Trail”)

1959 – “Friday” (‘New Worlds no.80’, February 1959) adult variant of ‘Call Him Friday’ from the 1958 ‘Daily Mail Boys Annual’, republished in the ‘Out Of This World no.1’ anthology edited by Amabel Williams-Ellis & Mably Owen, Blackie, 1960 ‘for grammar school readers’ according to Carnell

1959 – “Call Of The Wild” (‘Science Fantasy no.33’, February 1959) Roberts can over-hear insects plotting to take over the world, is it paranoia or over-developed imagination? When his secretary, Miss Torrence ‘runs lightly up the wall’ he understood… a silly humorous fantasy

1959 – “The Lady Was Jazz” (‘Science Fantasy no.34’, April 1959) Brian Lewis cover-art. The Lou Joris Seven play at the ‘Belle Marie’ in Teak Street – maybe ‘Ronnie Scott’s’ in Frith Street?, Lou is torn between the ambitious urgings of Lee Cayou the muse who knew Louis Armstrong and Bix and ‘was from all the races which had contributed to jazz – the pure African, the French, the Spanish, the Indian’, and piano-player Mae Becique. Lou rejects the lure of genius, ‘he had had his taste of immortality, and he didn’t like it’, and reconciles to his own musical ideas, with Mae…

1960 – “Last Barrier” (‘Science Fiction Adventures no.16’, September 1960) discussed in ‘New Worlds: Before The New Wave, 1960-1964: The Carnell Era Volume 2’ by John Boston (Wildside Press, 2013). It is ‘about Kanov, a member of the Steel Legion engaged in colonial warfare, who is manning an outpost in the company of his dead brother. A mysterious figure who claims to be a general, and has the proper ID shows up, and they engage in portentous conversation. The general is a veteran of campaigns including Gallipoli, Austerlitz and Bunker Hill, none of which Kanov has heard of. The whole rationale for Kanov’s existence and the Legion comes unraveled and Kanov dies begging for ‘resolution tablets’ (for the General was a plant, of course). This is actually a more effective antiwar screed than it sounds in synopsis’

1960 – “Unfinished Symphony” (‘New Worlds no.100’, November 1960) prestige celebration issue – as by John Hynam, art by Thomson, composer Jasper Crane is shocked through time so ‘Sunday Observer’ music critic Julian Frey can play him tapes of his own music he hasn’t written yet, up to the final work unfinished due to his car-crash death

1961 – “Blood Offering” (‘Science Fantasy no.47’, June 1961) republished in the ‘Weird Shadows From Beyond: An Anthology Of Strange Stories’ anthology edited by John Carnell, Corgi 1965, republished by Avon August 1969. Carnell writes ‘the selected story here shows that superstition may be something the white man can laugh off, but to the native it is a vastly different thing’

1961 – “Nelson Expects” (‘New Worlds no.110’, September 1961) John Carnell calls this ‘a story that could well have been published in that magazine (‘Playboy’)’ with conformist Mr Nelson James space-wrecked on an idyllic tropical island with fourteen-year-old Edwin, and four nubile sexually-predatory stewardesses

1961 – “Reflection Of The Truth” (‘Science Fantasy no.49’, October 1961), demonstrating Kippax stylistic diversity, this vaguely Poe-like story within a story has Balkan castle tour-guide Lazlo Janaçek relate the Gothic tale of Ladislas III, king of Bohemia and his wife Violetta’s accursed dalliance with sorcerer Skimalis, which seems to echo with Lazlo’s own young wife Jovanka. Story republished in the ‘Tales Of Unease’ anthology edited by John Burke, Pan Books 1966, republished by Doubleday 1969 and Curtis Books 1970

1961 – “Stark Refuge” (‘Science Fiction Adventures no.23’, November 1961), ‘among the many colonial worlds some were closed against visiting Earthmen, whether in distress or not. There were, of course, very special reasons’

1962 – ‘FIREBALL XL5 ANNUAL (1963)’ although individual features are uncredited, he contributes under his own name, as John Hynam. He also contributes to the ‘Cherry Ames Girls Annuals’ – ‘Behind The Cameras’ in the 1960 Annual, ‘Chupo’ (as Jane Hynam) in the 1961 Annual, ‘Spilt Ink’ (as Joan Hynam) and ‘A Café In Normandy’ (as J Hynam) in the 1962 Annual

24 October 1962 – “Closed Planet” although he wrote a number of mainstream plays, as John Hynam – including ‘Someone To Talk To’ with Wilfred Pickles (as George Bell), Jean Anderson, Joan Newell and Barry Letts (20:30, BBC-TV, 2 August 1960), ‘Closed Planet’ is the only one with an SF basis. Another with a Stone Age setting, ‘A Different Kind Of Woman’ was published in ‘The Fifth Windmill Book Of One-Act Plays’ (1970)

1966 – “Look On His Face” (‘New Worlds no.165’, August 1966) under editor Michael Moorcock, following a tip-off from a dead bar-girl on Lemnos Three, roaming Christian Priest Bill Kibbee journeys to restricted company-work Kristos V where a new messiah ‘Passion’ is being enacted, until Jahveh-lis tomb is struck by storm-lightning

1969 – “Four And One More” – as by John Hynam (‘The Fifth Ghost Book’ edited by Rosemary Timperley, Barrie & Rockliff, 1969 with paperback edition by Pan Books 1971

1970 – “Restless Lady” – as by John Hynam (‘The Sixth Ghost Book’ edited by Rosemary Timperley, Barrie & Rockliff, 1970 with paperback edition by Pan Books 1972, republished in ‘The Sixth Ghost Book, Book 2: The Judas Joke And Other Stories’ 1972

1971 – “The White Eyes Of The Little Grey God” – as by John Hynam (‘The Seventh Ghost Book’ edited by Rosemary Timperley, Barrie & Rockliff, 1971 with paperback edition by Pan Books 1973

1972 – “A Legion Marching By” – as by John Hynam (‘The Eighth Ghost Book’ edited by Rosemary Timperley, Barrie & Rockliff, 1972 with paperback edition by Pan Books 1974, republished in ‘Ghost Stories’ edited by Robert Westall, Kingfisher March 1988 in various editions

1973 – “The Time Wager” (‘New Writings In SF 22’, April 1973) first volume edited by Kenneth Bulmer, hardback Sidgwick & Jackson, paperback Corgi 1974. Subtitled ‘or; an extraordinary extrapolation of juvenile zeal resulting in a magnificent leap forwards (or backwards) into future (or past) trouble of a now-too-well-understood and rightly detested order of human endeavour.’ American exchange teacher JFB (Julian Ferrier Birtwistle) at Revell’s 1950’s-style public school, which uses corporal punishment, supervises a pupil’s time-transport into prehistory where a ball-bearing fired from a mischievous catapult causes Pithecanthropus to become Erectus. A frivolous ‘cheeky speculation’, according to Bulmer

1973 – “One For My Baby” – as by John Hynam (‘The Ninth Ghost Book’ edited by Rosemary Timperley, Barrie & Rockliff, 1969 with paperback edition by Pan Books 1975

1974 – “No Certain Armour” (‘New Writings In SF 24’ edited by Kenneth Bulmer, April 1974) hardback Sidgwick & Jackson, paperback Corgi July 1975) ‘a story of Venturer Nine, a shorter companion piece to the successful series of Venturer Twelve novels’, a mild conventional tale of a racially and gender-mixed crew, bantering cadets and efficiently-drawn characters on Kindros V, an exactly Earth-like planet on which they discover evidence they’re not the first human visitors. What killed the two buried pirates? Giant bees. No innovation, no shocks. Less ‘New Writings’, as though more pitched at a juvenile audience

1974 – ‘John Kippax Dies’ (‘Locus no.167’, 20 November 1974) obituary by Dan Morgan

NOVELS 

1968 – ‘A Thunder of Stars’ – with Dan Morgan (Macdonald, 1968 then Ballantine Books May 1970, and Pan August 1974) reviewed by Harry Harrison in ‘Vector no.52’,Winter

1972 – ‘Seed of Stars’ – with Dan Morgan (Ballantine Books February 1972, Pan Books August 1974)

1973 – ‘The Neutral Stars’ – with Dan Morgan (Ballantine Books February 1973, Pan Books February 1975) cover-blurb ‘The Stars, all space could be their hunting ground – as it already was for some unknown alien…’

1975 – ‘Where No Stars Guide’ (Pan Books, 1975) fourth and final book in the ‘Venturer Twelve’ series of Space Opera novels, by John Kippax alone. There is no American edition

Poem: 'Red Sky At Midnight'

RED SKY AT MIDNIGHT: 

HOW TO DISEMBOWEL A CLOSE FRIEND 

it’s 4:30 am

i’ve just been
woken by a strange
marmalade-striped cat
i’ve never seen before

it came in over the roof and 
through the dormer window
left slightly ajar for
air-conditioning purposes

we watch each other

I get up, it slithers purring
around my bare legs,
so I make coffee, too
awake now to sleep

perhaps it’s a feline muse
a succubus, a witchy familiar,
Jerry Garcia’s wandering ghost,
or an alien shape-shifter

it’s 4:30 am,
i’m 49 years old, i’ve been
reading Henry Miller again
in his centennial year, sex
in Paris will never be
that good again

so I write this poem
to you, while it dictates


Published in:
‘INTERNATIONAL MAG no.7 (July)’ (Italy - June 1999)
‘OUTLAW MAGAZINE no.1’ (Dec 2002 - UK)
and E-anthology:
‘WORDPLAY: edited by Samie Sands’ (UK – 17 April 2015, Smashwords) https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/535964

'The Divine Marquis: The Marquis De Sade'

‘THE DIVINE MARQUIS’: 

THE MARQUIS DE SADE 

 Is the ‘Divine Marquis’ more sinned against than sinning? 

 Does De Sade deserve his evil reputation? 

Andrew Darlington weighs the evidence… 

The Marquis de Sade was caught up at the storm-centre of social convulsions. As an aristocrat born into the despotism of the corrupt, cruel and venal Ancien Régime of pre-revolutionary France, he yet later became a magistrate under the founding father of state terror, Maximilien Robespierre. And as a writer, his legacy remains muddled. His biographer Donald Thomas points out ‘for the few who regard him as a materialist philosopher using the literary devices of pornography to embody his views,’ there are as many who see him as ‘a pornographer self-justified by philosophical pretensions.’

Those who make claims for his work as a philosophy at the roots of Existentialism, can be explained largely through his antagonism to the hypocrisy of organised religion. He aims his blasphemously satiric attacks at priests and the religious establishment to the extent that Thomas claims ‘his greatest mania was religious rather than sexual.’ But the Church was also the revolution’s primary target. It was the bastion of irrational belief and superstition. It insisted on blind, unquestioning obedience to apparently absurd dogmas while obstructing by censorship and persecution the spread or even the holding of other opinions.

The problem is that de Sade frames his justifiable rejection of theology in a way determined by the religious binary of good and evil. Without god there’s only the laws of nature, red in tooth and claw, but by denying the existence of a deity, he moves not to a sensible middle ground of rationalism, but to its farthest opposite pole. In a calculated act of defiance, he shakes his fist at an absent god, by purposefully embracing every aspect of a mirror morality. Without religion, there can be no moral absolutes, and no behavioural restraint. In a valueless cosmos, acts of goodness are as essentially meaningless as acts of evil. As Dostoevsky says, ‘if god does not exist, everything is permitted.’ But no, it isn’t.

William Blake’s ‘Orc’ – the spirit of revolutionary energy, proclaims ‘sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse unacted desires.’ As a literary gesture or artistic pose that works just fine. But no further. Such an argument admits no possibility of social self-interest or co-operation through mutual need in ways that are not enforced by conformity to religious belief. In this extreme reductionism, human beings are ‘miserable creatures thrown for a moment on the surface of this little muck-heap.’ We are ‘matter in motion’ with no spark of divinity and no eternal soul. We are what we are, until death extinguishes us, and we become nothing. Our only duty is to the enlivenment of the senses, to what de Sade calls ‘the divine laws of pleasure.’ In this way, yes, he anticipates elements of Existentialism.

His name may have become shorthand for a kind of moral poison, but the extent to which he lived the philosophy he claims is debatable. It’s more likely that his writing is predominantly fantasy. Donatien-Alphonse François, the Comte de Sade was born 2 June 1740 into one of Provencal’s premier aristocratic families, he died in the Charenton asylum 2 December 1814 after having spent more than twenty-seven of those years in various kinds of incarceration under both royal and revolutionary regimes, including confinement in the Bastille, where much of his writing was done. There are early behavioural clues in tales of abusive behaviour inflicted on his domestic staff. Young de Sade certainly had a Parisian mistress, as well as engaging prostitutes for more extravagant sexual experiments. Although that was hardly unusual for his time or social class. He was unwillingly married to Renée-Pélagie Cordier in May 1763, but promptly ran off with her sister Anne-Prospére, which earned him the eternal enmity of his influential mother-in-law, Madame de Montreuil, who was responsible for many of his subsequent travails. It has been suggested that his wife, and her sister, were the source of his ‘Juliette’ and ‘Justine’ characters.

His documented, but subsequently embellished offences include stripping and whipping a woman called Rose Keller. Inevitably, their accounts of the event differ. He claims she consented. She says otherwise. She claims he cut her buttocks with a knife, then poured melted wax into the incisions. He says there was no knife, and the ‘wax’ was ointment for her abrasions. An examining surgeon confirmed beatings had occurred, but the skin was not broken. Regardless of the degree of consensuality, she seems not to have suffered unduly and was well-recompensed by the fine imposed on de Sade. So, no angel, but hardly the monster of myth either. And despite such ghoulish exaggerations, both of his wives continued to be loyal and affectionate to him.

They were violent times, ferocious beatings were routinely administered as disciplinary measures in the Army and Navy. Corporal, as well as capital punishments were accepted aspects of the judicial system. Not that that exonerates Sade. The other authenticated case is when he administered the supposed aphrodisiac cantharides – ‘Spanish Fly’, to three willing Marseille brothel-girls who accepted his gift while exceeding the stated dosage. One of them – Marguerita Coste, became violently ill as a result. Although she speedily recovered with no long-term effects, Sade – accused of sodomy and poisoning, was forced to flee the country to escape legal retribution.

By the autumn of 1772 he had set up a refuge in Savoy as the ‘Colonel Le Comte de Mazan’ alongside his loyal Anne Prospére. He was briefly imprisoned, escaped, and returned to France. Again there was outrage, the so-called ‘Scandal Of The Little Girls’ during the winter 1774-5 in La Coste – a six-week debauch involving a fifteen-year-old male secretary, five servant girls of a similar age and a twenty-four-year-old nanny, after which he was again forced to flee to Italy. Strangely he declared himself shocked by the degenerate sexual dissolution he encountered in Florence and Naples.

He was tricked into returning to Paris where he was finally arrested in 1777 under a Royal ‘lettre de cachet’, and imprisoned in the Château de Vincennes, then the Bastille. It was during this long period of incarceration that his frequent letters developed into florid fiction. Days before the revolutionary masses tore the Bastille down, de Sade – as one of the agitators who helped incite it, had been transferred to the Charenton asylum. He was freed as part of a revolutionary amnesty, but penniless, moved in with a new mistress, former actress Marie-Constance Quesnet. As a magistrate under Robespierre’s Committee Of Public Safety, he actively opposed the guillotine, saved enemies from prison, campaigned fearlessly against state terror and injustice, and as an exemplary democrat supported the direct vote. Unlike other philosophical fathers of the revolution, he didn’t anticipate instant utopia, but believed that with economic and sexual equality, the human lot could be greatly improved. Hardly the actions of the monster portrayed by his legend.

His novels ‘Justine: The Misfortunes Of Virtue’ and ‘Juliette: The Prosperities Of Vice’ contrast the diverse fortunes of two sisters, the former who attempts to retain her virtue but is systematically debauched, and the latter who embraces vice, only to thrive and prosper. With Juliette just fifteen, and Justine twelve, their father is made bankrupt and flees to England, and with their mother dead they’re thrown back on their own resources. ‘Juliette’ has early experience of lesbian attentions and those of diabolic priests in a convent, so goes on to spend two years in a brothel, selling her virginity eighty times in four months while perfecting her erotic skills. Relying on her own ruthless energies she climbs from one man to another, from Noirceuil to Saint-Fond ascending the corrupt social ladder. She marries a nobleman, poisons him, runs her own brothels and gambling dens, organises a ‘Theatre of Cruelties’ for the King and Queen of Naples, attends a Papal Black Mass, and ends up the Countess de Lorsange.

  

The first draft of ‘Justine’ was penned in just fifteen days in the Bastille, and completed 8 July 1787, although four extended revisions followed. Justine – who confusingly conceals her identity as ‘Sophie’ throughout, and ‘Therese’ in a later revision, falls hopelessly in love with a profligate gay libertine who tries to persuade her to collude in the murder of his mother, Madame de Bressac by poisoning her morning chocolate, in order to get his hands on his inheritance. When Justine attempts to warn the proposed victim, Monsieur does the poisoning herself, ties Justine to a tree, strips and beats her, then blames her for the murder.

As a fugitive she stays with Rodin, a surgeon who at first offers her asylum, until she observes him abusing children in his care. Attempting to save Rodin’s daughter, Rosalie from abuse, Justine is captured and tortured. A toe is severed from each foot, teeth are torn out, she’s branded and then abandoned in the forest. While Rodin prospers, appointed as surgeon to the King of Sweden at a considerable salary, she seeks sanctuary with Father Clément at the monastery of Saint-Marie-des-Bois where she is systematically debauched by four monks – the first takes her anally (he ‘satisfied himself outrageously, without my ceasing to be a virgin’), the next orally (‘in a place which prevented me, during the sacrifice, from expressing any complaint as to its irregularity’), only then does she finally lose ‘the treasure of my virginity, for which I would have sacrificed my life a hundred times.’

She becomes one of four prisoners held in their seraglio, although there are suggestions of other girls held in other towers. The inconvenient pregnancies that result are treated with a ‘tisane’. But Justine is fearful of what happens to the girls they tire of, the first – Omphale, disappears after just six weeks. Presumably they are killed. After two years, with Justine the only survivor of the original four, they are liberated only when the monks themselves move up the church hierarchy, and are to be replaced.

 

Justine’s generosity and goodness is further betrayed. She is mugged by an old woman beggar she’s about to aid, and, helping a man named Dalville after he’s trampled by horses, she’s tricked into enslavement by him. Forced to join two chained naked women in a deep pit she must continually turn the wheel that draws water for a counterfeiter’s stronghold. Inevitably she is raped and flagellated too. A year later evil is again rewarded as Dalville’s criminality brings him wealth, he leaves for Venice after brutally shooting one of his manacled ex-mistresses in the head. Soon after, the fortress is stormed, the counterfeiter’s tried and executed, and Justine, as a prisoner of the villains, is released. But her troubles are far from over. She falls in with the devious Madame la Dubois for further torment before being reunited with her estranged sister, Juliette.

Even then, what would seem to be a promising conclusion is frustrated when Justine is killed in a meaningless way by a random lightning strike. Even when I first read these books as a sexually highly-suggestible teenage apprentice it was impossible to see them as anything other than horror-comic cartoons. In their grotesque absurdity the two novels can be read as tales of amusing excess in the strangely Gothic fashion of Matthew Lewis’ ‘The Monk’ (1796) or Ann Radcliffe (‘The Mysteries Of Udolpho’, 1994). Everyone – except Justine, are corrupt and vile. Juliette’s career forms an argument that women have as much right to cheat and scheme, and to be as sexually devious as men. Both Simone de Beauvoir (‘Must We Burn Sade?’, 1955, Grove Press) and Angela Carter (‘The Sadeian Woman’, 1979, Virago) have portrayed de Sade as an advocate of individual liberty above gender, or gender orientation. Absolutely free. Parallels can be drawn between him and ‘Les Liaisons Dangereuses’ written around the same time, in Aix between 1780-’81 and published in Amsterdam a year later. Choderlos de Laclos’ theme is also sex and malice – with playful flourishes such as Valmont lying in bed writing a letter, using the naked body of a girl as his writing desk. Although malice and viciousness triumph, de Sade’s bleaker perspective contrasts its more frivolous cruelties.

But if literature is to be more than just escapism, if it is to explore and accurately mirror aspects of human experience, it has a duty not to neglect these forbidden realms of darkness. There are periodic debates over the restriction of what can and cannot be said in fictional form, arguments that resurface from Flaubert’s trial over the immorality of ‘Madame Bovary’, to the 1960 trial of DH Lawrence’s ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’, from John Cleland’s ‘Fanny Hill’ – published in 1748 in London but put on trial in the USA in 1966, to the paedophile yearnings of Vladimir Nabokov’s ‘Lolita’. There’s an obvious interface between the art-for-art’s-sake notion that fiction exists in some rarefied realm above and beyond conventional morality, or the dirt-for-dirt’s-sake idea that literature has an absolute imperative to represent all aspects of experience, including the most unpleasant and the sordid. That the archives of literature must be broad enough to encompass the full spectrum of the imagination. If there’s a test to be made, de Sade provides the litmus.

‘La Philosophie Dans Le Boudoir (The Philosophy Of The Bedroom)’ (1793) is more philosophy than it is bed. In the preface – ‘Aux Libertins’, de Sade declares, in a very 1960’s way, of a youth ‘for too long restrained by the dangerous fantasies of grotesque and absurd virtue, by the chains of a disgusting religion,’ and urges them to ‘destroy and trample on those ridiculous precepts inculcated in you by imbecile parents.’ Right On! Yet there’s unbridled nastiness as fifteen-year-old Eugénie is given a moral and sexual education by three older libertines at the request of her father. When her mother, Madame de Mistival, attempts to intervene she’s hideously punished by having her vagina symbolically sewn up, and expelled from the ongoing activities. 

There’s also a shower of bawdy de Sade short stories, farces and sketches collected into ‘Les Crimes L’Amour (The Crimes Of Love)’ (1800), with “The Self-Made Cuckold”, translated by Margaret Crosland, still considered racy enough to qualify for inclusion in ‘Penthouse’ (August 1965, Vol.1 no.6). But ‘Les 120 Journées De Sodome (120 Days Of Sodom)’, although fragmentary, flawed and incomplete, is a more conscientiously offensive work detailing the inexcusable torture and murder of children. But again, the purpose is less pornographic in the sense of inducing arousal, and more a deliberate exploration of the most transgressive, the most forbidden, the most morally repugnant outer limits of unfettered human appetites. What he proclaimed as ‘the most impure tale that has ever been written since the world exists.’ Both the ultimate in morbid gothic excess, and a precursor to the torture-porn of twenty-first-century CGI-effect splatter- horror movies. 

Four nobles – the Duc de Blangis, Président de Curval, a Bishop, and banker Durcet, travel to the gloomy gothic Château de Silling in the depths of trackless forests and surrounded by mountains, to indulge in their systematic orgy. In a later study Havelock Ellis numbers six-hundred distinct deviational activities, calculated from the narratives of four procuresses who preside over the fetishistic debauch, each describing 150 perversions to be acted out on the retinue, which includes entrapped boys and girls chosen for their beauty. It’s an almost mathematical exercise in configurations after which, at the end of the 120-days of continual incarceration and depravities, the survivors are massacred. 

How is it possible to defend a man who advocates such unmitigated horrors? In fact, there’s never a suggestion of approval, on the contrary, the protagonists are never portrayed as being anything less than repugnant. And why a Bishop? Because, to de Sade, such status equates with the greatest hypocrisy. He had no illusions about human ‘natural goodness’. While – let’s be absolutely clear about it, this in no way constitutes child-abuse. Unlike online kiddie-porn, no child is involved. Everything happens inside the confines of de Sade’s head. These are wild fantasies written by a man in the Bastille during the thirty-seven days following 22 October 1785, charting the very extremes of human vileness. And if it’s masturbatory in nature, then it’s on an exhaustively epic scale. De Sade initially believed the forty-foot manuscript-scroll lost, but it was retrieved and first printed in 1877. In fact, the first fully unexpurgated version was only published in New York as late as 1989. Yet the scenario portrayed is sufficiently timeless for director Pier Paolo Pasolini to recast it as ‘Salò – The 120 Days Of Sodom’ (1975), setting its coprophiliac excesses within the last outpost of Italian Second World War fascism. 

De Sade academic Alan Hull Walton emphasises, ‘there is nothing aphrodisiac in Sade.’ The Marquis treats sex with brevity and a ‘cold and cynical objectivity.’ Aldous Huxley agrees that, although sex permeates de Sade’s writing, there is ‘more philosophy than pornography.’ Walton points out that there were sadists long before de Sade’s name was first grafted onto the psychopathic condition as a clinical term of description by Richard Freiherr Von Krafft-Ebing. He lists the likes of ‘Bluebeard’ Gilles de Rais, the lives of the Caesars as recorded by Suetonius and Tacitus, and Ivan the Terrible. 

But to state the obvious, characters on paper feel no pain. As fictional characters in misery-memoirs, Justine and Juliette feel no more real pain than the eternally tormented souls in Hieronymus Bosch’s painting ‘The Garden Of Earthly Delights’. Certainly de Sade witnessed acts of unbridled vileness and immorality during the ‘Reign of Terror’ to equal anything in his writing. And, although monstrously exaggerated, the acts he portrays can in no way be equated to the real inhumanities inflicted on the real victims of – say, the Catholic Inquisition, the Moors Murderers, or the cruelties perpetrated by Irish Catholic clerics of the Christian Brothers upon their charges into the mid-twentieth century. 

Yet for the Marquis there was worse to come. With the revolutionary ‘Reign Of Terror’ fervour extinguished by Napoleon’s return to moral normality, he was re-arrested. In a timely intervention by his family he was declared insane and returned to Charenton. This is the period envisaged by director Philip Kaufman in the film ‘Quills’ (2000), with de Sade (played by Geoffrey Rush) subject to the strange asylum regime where he’s initially able to direct plays involving the inmates. This has also been dramatised by Peter Weiss as ‘The Persecution And Assassination Of Jean-Paul Marat As Performed By The Inmates Of The Asylum Of Charenton Under The Direction Of The Marquis De Sade’ (1963). Ironically it was due to the enlightened François Simonet de Coulmier – a Catholic priest, that de Sade was able to continue writing, and was permitted to have his wife live with him. Although Coulmier was later replaced and de Sade endured fresh periods of solitary confinements, he developed a relationship with fourteen-year-old Madeleine LeClerc, the daughter of a Charenton employee, which lasted for the four remaining years of his life. De Sade shared the same time period as another destined to give his name to a branch of sexuality. Giacomo Casanova died in 1798, de Sade 2 December 1814, aged 74.

Ever the subject of fascination as well as repulsion, his skull was removed for analysis, providing Robert Bloch with the theme for his short story “The Skull Of The Marquis De Sade”, inevitably filmed as ‘The Skull’ (1965), with both Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing, by Amicus. While the advent of Freudian analysis and Surrealism shone new light on the legacy of the ‘Divine Marquis’. Poet Guillaume Apollinaire not only rediscovered ‘Justine’, but helped rehabilitate de Sade’s reputation with his hefty ‘L’Oevre De Marquis de Sade’ in 1909. While in the fictional subworld of Gothic pornography, and the highly ritualised S&M subculture, dungeons, manacles, flagellation and total slave-control maintain their online currency in ways that de Sade would surely recognise, in new media-forms he might not.

De Sade remains on the very bleeding-edge of what should, and should not be expressed. Cicero suggests that ‘if we are not ashamed to think it, we should not be ashamed to say it.’ Correct, irrefutably so. Until we get to Somerset Maugham who puts such open idealism into some kind of social context by pointing out that if thoughts were subject to the law, he – Maugham, would spend most of his life in prison! Or unthinkably worse, to poet/artist Jeff Nuttall ‘to Ian Brady, de Sade was a licence to kill children’ (in ‘Bomb Culture’, 1968) – which is also true, but it’s surely impossible to police the media to eliminate everything deemed likely to corrupt the vulnerably impressionable? 

And as recently as October 2011, the fiftieth anniversary Royal Shakespeare Company’s production of the ‘Marat/ Sade’ provoked eighty walk-outs at the preview show. Jeanie O’Hara who curated the programme justifies the play’s inclusion by stating the obvious, that the de Sade ‘philosophy is alive and well and streaming into our teenagers’ phones in the form of pornography. He is the ghost text behind every pornographic film ever made. He is alive and well in our culture…’ 

Yet in crime fiction, serial killers leave a grisly trail of mutilated corpses. But no-one actually dies. In Science Fiction civilisations fall, worlds explode and entire species are exterminated. But the ecological balance of the cosmos remains serenely undisturbed. It’s worth remembering that in pornographic fiction there’s lots of sex, but no-one actually gets fucked. It all happens on the page, and in the mind of the reader. As the tagline for ‘Quills’ phrases it, ‘there are no bad words… only bad deeds.’

Album: 'TOMMY STEELE - The Rock 'n' Roll Years'

‘ROCK WITH THE CAVEMAN: 

TOMMY STEELE & THE BRITISH 

ROCK ‘N’ ROLL NEOLITHIC’ 

 Album Review of: 

‘THE ROCK ‘N’ ROLL YEARS’ 

by TOMMY STEELE & THE STEELEMEN 

(See For Miles SEECD 203) 

If Tommy Steele was the answer, we’d got the question wrong. America had Elvis. And Thomas William Hicks, a nineteen-year-old merchant seaman from Bermondsey, had a toothy grin as wide and bland as Tony Blair, he could pose a shiny Gibson guitar around his neck in the splay-leg stance the teenagers ‘dug’ on ‘hep’ TV shows like ‘Off The Record’, and he put words like ‘Rock’ into his song titles. Obvious really. “Doomsday Rock”, “Elevator Rock”, “Rebel Rock”, they’re all here. Rockney. It was a put-up job. No competition, literally. In 1956 there was no Rock ‘n’ Roll outside America. 

Listening to the sixty-two tracks on ‘Great British Rock ‘n’ Roll 1948-1956’ (2CD, As Good As It Gets, 2007) it becomes obvious that they just don’t get it. The Deep River Boys were an American Coasters-style vocal four-piece, resident in Britain, but their take on Bill Haley’s “Rock A Beatin’ Boogie” is domesticated into radio-acceptable neutrality. Ray Ellington does a cartoon-sharp version of “Stranded In The Jungle”, but embeds it in big band swing arrangements, suitable for touring variety shows and end-of-the-pier theatres. Tony Crombie & His Rockets were slick jazz turn-coats quick to jump the new fad with “We’re Gonna Teach You To Rock”, but their ‘get in the groove’ is seldom convincing. These were Brit-pop’s baby-steps, taken by people who sensed something was going on but weren’t quite sure what it was.

Tommy had picked up clues while working a Cunard cruiser to Norfolk, Virginia. He’d even played back-up with Bluesman Josh White. He did basement floor-sets at Soho’s ‘The 2i’s’ coffee bar and dabbled in skiffle with Wally Whyton’s group. Talent-spotted by entrepeneur John Kennedy he was astutely signed by Larry Parnes. So it took him exactly a month from his first recording test to crash the Top Twenty. This album covers his brief quasi-Rock 78rpm hits and ‘B’-sides, starting with that first studio venture – “Rock With The Caveman”, pieced together by Steele himself with jobbing songwriter Lionel Bart, and recorded with a bunch of session musicians including jazzer Ronnie Scott. When he sings ‘out of sight, dynamite, hold your baby very tight’, you can almost believe that the cats are really jumping. His only no.1, the upbeat “Singing The Blues” with its whistle-while-you-work tunefulness swiftly followed, here it appears in two versions, one of them performed live alongside “Teenage Party” and a coffee-bar skiffle cover of “Rock Around The Clock”. All chirpy lively wholesome stuff, appealingly crude, a handful of hits recorded on two-track machines, which oddly made the Steeleman Britain’s first ever home-grown Teenage sensation. His arc of Teen-celebrity lasted through to both sides of “Tallahassee Lassie” c/w “Give Give Give” – a no.17 in August 1959, a steal from Freddy Cannon’s American chart-topper which effectively provided Tommy with his last shot at the Rock ‘n’ Roll beast.

But he was never too convincing at it anyway. Tommy Steele had no dark side. And authentic Rock stars need a bite of surliness. He was more the acceptable go-between. Kids bought into him… until the real thing came along a couple of years later. And parents could never really dislike him, and quickly inherited him into mainstream showbiz. You can trace the cheeky cockney Tommy Steele template through Joe Brown to the terminal knees-up of Chas ‘n’ Dave. But there is an alternative legacy that could just as easily fork off through the Smallfaces into Damon Blur. Depends which question you ask. The answer is probably here.

‘THE ROCK ‘N’ ROLL YEARS’
by TOMMY STEELE & THE STEELEMEN
(See For Miles SEECD 203)

‘GREAT BRITISH ROCK ‘N’ ROLL: AS GOOD AS IT GETS
(THE ORIGINAL ROCK ‘N’ ROLL RECORDINGS 1948-1956)’
by various artists, including Tommy Steele. (Smith & Co SCCD 1124 - www.smithco.nl)

Adapted & extended from a feature first published in:
‘ROCK ‘N’ REEL Vol.2 No.4 (July/August)’ (UK – June 2007)

British SF Pioneer: ROBERT PRESSLIE

ROBERT PRESSLIE: 

AN ENIGMA WRAPPED IN A MYSTERY 

 The name Robert Presslie cropped up with persistent regularity,

 in all the best British SF magazines of the 1950’s and 1960’s. 

Over thirty well-crafted tales by a writer now virtually forgotten. 

And little is known about the details of his life. 

Andrew Darlington examines the evidence… 

Espresso is a planet of the Polaris system, its single moon so close it skirts Roche’s Limit, dragging the water-saturated atmosphere around with it in great bulging tidal storms. ‘Whit’ Whitmore, a hen-pecked former-teacher who joined the Federated Space Security is one of nineteen men lost on the surface of this mushroom-infested planet, separated from the main Expeditionary Force and fearing attack by unseen enemies. Except, it turns out there is no enemy. In a neat plot twist, under the hallucinogenic influence of homicidal parasitic fungus the humans have been exterminating each other. But an odd aspect of this tale – “Suicide Squad” (‘Nebula no.39’, February 1959) is that all the protagonists are naked throughout, in a kind of homoerotic bonding exercise, as tactfully illustrated by Eddie Jones’ spot-art. No real explanation is provided, although one could be easily suggested, the fungus-rich toxic atmospheric properties could rot fabrics, for example. But whatever, it adds a uniquely unsettling quality to this tale.

There were undeniable advantages to being called Robert Presslie in the mid-fifties and early-sixties. There was name-recognition value there. After all, Elvis Presley was transfiguring Pop in ways that would change music forever. The changes Robert Presslie would inflict within his own chosen genre – science fiction short stories, were less far-reaching. But, in their own way, modestly satisfying.

His first contribution to ‘Nebula SF’ – “Flesh And Blood” (in no.19, December 1956) is a brief, stark, almost symbolist take on the post-apocalypse extinction-event at which most writers of the time tried their hands. From a quasi-biblical opening, ‘on the fourth day, the wind dropped and darkness came early,’ a Priest and a Thief meet in the wind-sculptured drifts of post-atomic dust. Their dialogue sketches their existential dilemma. The thief was caught in a second-wave thermonuclear blast while looting homes devastated by the first. And the Priest has ‘a head full of theology, but his heart empty and aching because all his wisdom could not supply the answer to the doubts assailing his faith.’ The radiation-poisoned rain falls, both will die. There will be no survivors. It’s not a great story, more a kind of polemical sketch. But the cold chill of political relevance retains something of its charge, one that must have carried an even greater urgency for its original meaning-seeking teenage readers attuned to its doomy anti-war finger-pointing.

Presslie was a super-active part of a generation of underrated British writers, mocked by later SF academics such as Brian Aldiss for their clunky naiveté and formulaic plots, who nevertheless formed the essential bedrock of a spread of iconic British magazines ‘Authentic’, ‘Nebula’, the Carnell-era ‘New Worlds’, and the ‘New Writings in SF’ book series. Along with EC Tubb, Sydney J Bounds, Philip E High, FG Rayer and ER James, his fiction flared across issue after issue of each of those major titles, extending into ‘Science Fantasy’ and ‘SF Adventures’.

Like many of those contemporaries Presslie wrote part-time. His primary income came from his career as a pharmacy manager, his modest cheques from magazine-sales providing a welcome bonus, but insufficient to hazard the step of turning pro. Yet such circumstances dictated that he wrote because he enjoyed writing, rather than for mercenary motives. So is he a great lost writer deserving wholesale reappraisal? To hail him as such would be an exaggeration. But, as enthusiastic archivists David Redd and Greg Pickersgill suggest on their web-page tribute ‘he does have a certain something, perhaps an air of potential, perhaps just a slightly different take on SF ideas that makes him stand out a little.’ He remains ‘memorable to many of those who have read his fiction.’

Even within the enclosed world of 1950’s British SF there were evolutions taking place, in a gradual way. To editor John Carnell ‘in the changing world of science fiction writing, the cardboard character is beginning to breathe and the focus is on characterisation rather than the grandiose sweep of galactic backgrounds. In this respect, (Presslie) has been just as great a pioneer as most of his contemporaries. In a quiet but solidly satisfying manner, Mr. Presslie has been doing this sort of thing almost since he first commenced writing SF’ while ‘his stories produce many fresh approaches to ideas which are often commonplace.’

And yes, the stories may use familiar themes, but they’re seldom straightforward. There’s frequently a sting in the tail. A hanging uncertainty. More questions raised than answered. In “Lest We Forget” (‘Authentic’ no.74, November 1956) Niven Boyd is on trial for murdering the adoptive father – Owen Michaels, who has downloaded the sum knowledge of his memories into his head. Presslie doesn’t use the term ‘download’, obviously, instead he constructs a detailed memory-transfer ‘chip’ technique. And the accused man faces an electronic Juriac. Or so it seems. The final paragraphs reveal that the case has been exaggerated as a test for the experimental computer-jury, but just how much of it is true? The suggestions are left to effectively hang.

Truth to tell, there’s little biographical information available about Presslie other than that supplied by ‘New Worlds’ profiles. The fact that he never had a book published, neither novel nor short-story collection, disqualifies him from an entry in either the first or second editions of the ‘Science Fiction Encyclopedia’. Although that omission may be remedied in the third, more broad-based online edition. However he does receive a brief note in Donald H Tuck’s ‘Encyclopedia Of Science Fiction & Fantasy’ (Advent Publishers 1978), which records him as ‘a native of Aberdeen’, like fellow fantasist JT McIntosh.

His story “Next Of Kin” (‘New Worlds’ no.69, March 1958) uses Scots dialect in paternal conversations that might draw on memories. Nevertheless, ‘at age twenty-three he qualified as a pharmacy manager’, and migrated to London around 1954, where, as an alien ‘touching down’ he admits ‘no allergies to the local beverages’ (to John Carnell). From the accompanying photos he seems sleepy-eyed, craggy with a penetrating inquisitive gaze, hair combed back into a low quiff, neat suit and tie. A purposeful professional, soon ‘gainfully employed as a pharmacy manager for a firm of multiple chemists.’ With a degree of speculation it’s possible to surmise that maybe his move south followed demob, and that his employer might well have been Boots, or Timothy Whites – people were more circumspect about product placement back then!

‘I believe the scientific education which went before is probably the reason for a long-standing love affair with science fiction’ he self-analysed to ‘New Worlds’, ‘on the other hand, it could well be that boyhood reading of science fiction had something to do with the choice of career. This is an egg-and-chicken type problem which I have never been able to solve.’ He usefully employs pharmacy psychology in his novelette “Plague” (‘Science Fantasy’ no.24, August 1957) with the Narcotics Bureau facing a global addiction pandemic, ‘as infectious as measles.’ Carnell prefaces the story by observing ‘in these days of advanced medical science it is seldom that a disease reaches the pandemic stage.’ Perhaps back then, with international travel restricted to an elite minority, that was true. It’s a qualification less true now, adding gravity to Presslie’s conjecture. Although it’s a Venusian cyst carried in the bloodstream discovered to be responsible.

Then, in his “Trojan Horse” (‘Authentic SF’, no.80. May 1957), the placebo-effect of aspirin is talked-up, and the plot hinges around a kind of advanced holistic faith-healing. It’s also worth pausing for a moment here, to consider how remarkably the attitudes and expectations the story betrays have shifted over the decades since. An alien ship is tracked approaching Earth. When it’s found, invitingly open, but without its pilot, it bears a message ‘The Ship Is Yours. Take It And Learn’. Imagine this story remade now as a TV-movie. Is it instantly shipped off highest-security to some Area 51 for retro-engineering? Is it fought over by rival corporations greedy for its marketable technology?

No, wary of alien intentions, after two month’s deliberation the world committee decides to leave it well alone until the missing pilot can be located. So is there a swamp-operation security clamp-down with a razor-wire exclusion zone patrolled by drones and helicopter gunships? No, one low-rent private eye is hired to tramp the mean streets hunting the missing alien. He does so by the regular hard-boiled Pulp-Crime process of first checking the registers of hotels and boarding houses, then by reading recent back-issues of the local newspaper for unusual stories. The plot-twist, if it even rates as such, is that the alien is not grumpy David Knox with the healing hands, but the girl Amethyst who invests in his powers. The moral seems to be that increasing reliance on the miracles of medical science are leading to a dependency-culture losing sight of the body’s natural curative potential. ‘A lizard can grow a new tail. We can’t even develop a new attitude.’

There’s also something of his medical background coming into play in his second ‘Nebula’ story “Chip On My Shoulder” (no.25, October 1957), where Clyde develops a shoulder-growth following exposure to cosmic radiation five-hundred miles up. A growth which then begins to squirm. The experimental space flight is a public-private partnership part-sponsored by a cosmetic barrier cream company for which he is product-trialing. So is his affliction compensatable? You can bet your magnetic boots it isn’t. The company denies liability. Presslie manages to fuse equal amounts of David Cronenberg-style visceral body-horror with a defusing black-humour that anticipates ‘How To Get Ahead In Advertising’ (1989) in which Richard E Grant’s character grows a second head. When the Doctor slices the tumour open, it turns out to be an activated dormant twin, ‘the lips of the incision parted. Out of the mouth came a tongue.’ Clyde gets his compensation. But will not survive to enjoy its benefits, as other growths begin erupting across his body, and his head…

There are enough casually-inserted references to medical procedures across the spectrum of his tales to betray a knowing familiarity, and frequent direct references too. In a footnote to “Lucky Dog” (‘New Worlds’ no.124, November 1962) ‘the author acknowledges borrowing Ditran (or JB329) for literary purposes and begs forgiveness for its extrapolation to Propytran and the effects of the latter as herein described.’ As well as the occasional ironic aside – as in “Another Word For Man” (‘New Worlds’ no.78, December 1958) in which ‘Young’ Doc Chablis vents his feelings with some vehemence, ‘God, when I think of the money they spend on weapon research compared to the pennies they grudgingly allocate for cancer!’ Carnell commends this ‘different analytical approach.’

Elvis Presley debuted on the ‘New Musical Express’ chart with “Heartbreak Hotel” 12 May 1956, just as Robert Presslie was hitting his uncertain stride, following his first appearance with “Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted” in ‘Authentic SF’ no.58 (June 1955) about ‘Andy’ the experimental android facing explorative dissection after just twelve months of life. With macabre surgical precision ‘three times they let him die. Three times they started his heart again, each time testing a new technique.’ The shock turnaround is that Andy is an android-chimp, his replacement will be humanoid.

There were more appearances in ‘Authentic SF’, including the two-part “The Creep” (in January and February 1956), while editor EC Tubb selects yet another of his tales for the cover-story of the magazine’s final issue (no.85, October 1957). ‘Robert Presslie, who has been appearing in ‘Authentic’ for a long time now, has reached a new high with his “Star Tober”’ comments Tubb, ‘what could be more familiar than a circus? And yet, as he point out, a circus is really a civilization in miniature.’ It was for this reason that the Arcturan Stoneman ‘had picked the circus as being a compact sample of Earth’s human and animal life’, and teleports it complete to the alien planet. Although the idea might conjur images of ‘The Shipwrecked Circus’ strip in 1950’s ‘Beano’ – Ringmaster, Strongman, Fire-Eater, High-Wire Acrobat, clown – the bizarre mix of circus performers proceed to puzzle and bedazzle their intellectually-superior alien abductors with a series of mystifying stunts. To Tubb ‘his story, then, while not letting the symbolism intrude, does point a moral. I like his new style of presentation and if he keeps it up he’ll be way up among the top authors of today.’

From there, in just over a decade of writing – until 1966, Robert Presslie stacked up an impressive total of some thirty published stories. His style is wide-ranging. Which makes it difficult to define a unique Presslie trait, or condense his writing down into a series of recognisable ticks or signifiers. There’s sly humour. There’s an anti-war bias. There’s an understanding of molecular biosciences above and beyond other writers of his time. But “The Savage One” (in ‘Science Fiction Adventures’ no.11, November 1959) is a hardboiled generic romp, as though he’s deliberately targeting the specifications of the magazine title. A gangster called Kramer is executed – only to discover himself reassembled as a ‘Soldier of Mirfak’, his body restructured into a Robocop-style war-machine, as depicted by Brian Lewis. In a humorous aside, it seems Adolf Hitler had suffered a similar fate! Bug-like aliens intend using him for their invasion of Algol Four, a world of flat-headed super-intelligent sandworms. He allows himself to be captured, is retro-engineered back to human, with a gift of planetary destruction. In a willed act of revenge he destroys Mirfak in his own suicidal detonation. As the magazine title suggests, this is Science Fiction, and Adventure at its most fast-paced and garish.

Some bibliographies list his “Old Macdonald” as a novel – which is the way it was announced for its inclusion in ‘Nebula’ (no.29, April 1958). But at fourteen-thousand words it more qualifies as novelette. Editor Peter Hamilton describes it as ‘an ingenious and original’ tale ‘in which he takes the facts of biological farming as they are already known to science and, extrapolating them into the future,’ he ‘skillfully creates with them the cornerstone of an enthralling ‘situation’-type yarn’. It also comes decked out in the full space-hardware of an interplanetary war between the colonists of Mars and the impoverished seven islands of oceanic Venus. With war-devastated radioactive Earth abandoned, Venus seeks aid from extra-solar Ruthan, a world terraformed by brilliant but spurned biochemist Hamish Macdonald, only to find the Asiatic Martians got there first. Venusians Drake & Flett must persuade the amphibious native Ruthanians onto their side. There are false clues, a lot of moralising, and an intended shock plot-turnaround snap ending with a second exodus in which all Venusians relocate to Ruthan, leaving Mars as overlords of a dead solar system. It’s not a great story. Indeed, it’s the kind of nuts-and-bolts theory-heavy space-exploit that Brian Aldiss was so condescending about. Presslie could, and did write better.

“The Verdict” (‘Nebula’ no.28, March 1958) is just such a better story. In this future, Justice-computers run a series of parallel virtual-reality simulations to the fifth dimension to determine, not guilt or innocence, but the most socially-beneficial consequence of each offence. And there’s a ‘Minority Report’ (2002) Philip K Dick-style contra-logic element to the scenario in which a Vegan is obviously the murderer, but it’s the victim’s husband – Kelly, who is guilty for seeking vengeance, and psychiatrist Marnier’s department at fault for not originally detecting the personality-instability prompting Kelly’s need. There’s a potential movie here, or at least a ‘Dark Mirror’ tele-play. The protagonists run through a series of possible murder-scenarios in mental stasis, a kind of ‘virtual helmet’, although Presslie doesn’t say ‘virtual reality’ – in fact his Personnel Department still operates on ticker-tape print-outs, but that’s the word we’d now understand. Of course there’s the accoutrements of the time. ‘Ships and travelers from more planets than had been dreamed inhabitable a century earlier’ interact in a massive ‘Babylon 5’ style interplanetary skyscraper-terminal in central Australia, with Sirians and Rigellians mingling with humans and aliens from the multiple worlds of the Vega system. Eventually, Marnier is convinced the final probability-permutation has resolved the situation. But Kelly is still intent on his revenge, whatever the consequences.

There are ideas here that stand today. Yet the writer behind the ideas remains an enigma. Sifting for more trace-elements of his life, Ron Bennett’s long-running and informative fanzine the ‘Skyrack Newsletter’ references him twice – once in no.45 (4th Sept 1962), where it’s noted how Presslie attended the monthly ‘Globe’ SF-writers meeting of 2nd August 1962. Whether the visit was a regular part of his life, or a one-off participation is not apparent. And again in issue no.50 (March 1963) where it records that ‘Robert Presslie, was one of the personalities at this year’s Peterborough Convention.’ So he had at least some involvement with the British SF fan community.

Returning to his profile in ‘New Worlds’ he admits that ‘like everyone who is in science fiction – I am a dreamer, and dreamers never had it so good. This must be the only age in which dreams come true while you wait.’ But while those SF dreams of his are still worth the effort of hunting down through issues of long-defunct magazines, he clearly foresees the ‘state of flux’ affecting the genre.

He had his own incisive take on the apparently lost ‘Sense of Wonder’ in the genre, demanding ‘nobody leaves this room till we find it!’ In a guest editorial (‘New Worlds’ no.133, August 1963) he notes wryly how the popular newspapers devote detailed cover-story status to cricketer Freddie Trueman’s vertebrae spinal X-ray problems, while relegating America’s launch of com-sat ‘Relay’ to six lines in the bottom left corner of the back page of ‘The Daily Mirror’, and not at all in ‘The Daily Sketch’. He wonders if ‘maybe we live in an age of too many miracles and our senses are numbed.’ He speculates that ‘the sense of wonder has not gone from SF-writing. It has gone from its readers.’ While also predicting that ‘the next few years will see a drastic and dramatic change in science fiction. Who wants to read a make-believe yarn about the first man on the Moon when his photograph could well be on the front page of tomorrow’s newspapers?’ He was, of course, correct. ‘Modern SF is different because it is developing and it will go on developing as writers strive for new ways to express what they have to say and wider boundaries in which to say them.’

‘The change is going to call for a vast unfolding of the imagination by readers and writers alike. I hope to be able to contribute to that change.’ Only the final sentiment was to prove inaccurate, as the fiction style he represents fell out of favour with the explosion of the innovative experimental New Wave that he anticipates. The bibliographies record his last published story as the novelette “The Night of the Seventh Finger” in ‘New Writings in SF 7’, in 1966. He was forty-six years old at the time.

Oddly, around the same time, Elvis Presley was also falling out of chart favour in the face of a new wave of Beatles-led Beat Groups. Times were a-changing. It’s true that ‘Nebula’ and ‘Authentic SF’ were gone, and ‘New Worlds’ was undergoing the Michael Moorcock palace-revolution making it inhospitable to Presslie’s kind of work. But writers such as EC Tubb and Philip E High migrated to other titles, such as ‘Vision Of Tomorrow’, and later there was ‘Science Fiction Monthly’. As well as various semi-pro and fan-magazines. So why did he stop? It’s highly unusual for a writer with a successful track record just to cease writing. Unless there are personal factors as yet unknown. Are there unpublished stories that never located a home?

And typically, even the precise date of his death is disputed. His sparse Wikipedia entry quotes Robert Presslie as 1920 – 2002. The same year is mentioned in several places on the web, however the web-version of trade-press ‘The Pharmaceutical Journal’ for December 2000 carries an obit recording the death – ‘on September 5’, of ‘Robert Presslie, MR PharmS, of 10 Kingham Close, Lower Gornal, Dudley, West Midlands DY3 2PH’, shunting the date back by two years. Robert Presslie remained a mystery to the end.

ROBERT PRESSLIE: 

MYSTERY WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA 

1955 – “Trespassers Will Be Prosecuted” (‘Authentic no.58’, June 1955) debut story described in the text. ‘There may be fields of activity in which... (title)’

1955 – “A Star Called Tommy” (‘Authentic no.62’, October 1955) it opens impressively ‘My kid brother, Tommy, invented anti-gravity when he was seven’, then develops into a first-man-to-the-moon story. When the atomic motors cut out on the return trip, with the ship on collision course for London, Tommy risks his anti-gravity theory. Looking up the narrator ‘saw a new star twinkle. A star called Tommy’. Did he succeed, or just detonate?

1956 – “The Creep, parts 1 and 2” (‘Authentic no.65 and 66’ January and February 1956) two-part serial. Set in Harry’s Bar with newsman Sam Garnet, who defied the script to broadcast the truth, that the ‘Creep’ of Cold War nuclear-test radiation levels is near-lethal, that war is imminent, and the spheres spotted in orbit around Earth are space-vultures ‘circling in readiness to pick our bones’. Harry turns out to be a foreign-agent. Then, they assume the bombs strike, but what has demolished the Bar is an alien sphere with the ability to neutralise the Creep. Sam and feline Lena locate junkie Doctor Sullevan to operate and save the surviving humanoid alien within the sphere, pleading for them to save humanity from itself

1956 – “Post Mortem” (‘Authentic no.67’, March 1956) Duffy stands guard over Forde’s catafalque, to the mourners, a hero of the Wheel-to-Mars run, to his crew, a hated disciplinarian. Until it’s explained that to return to Earth would kill the Captain – as the crew’s mutiny over Kenwood’s suspected appendicitis, proved

1956 – “Pilgrims All” (‘Authentic no.70’, June 1956) reprinted in Sweden as “Alla är Pilgrimer” (‘Häpna’, Oct 1963) ‘Everyone’s Had That Odd I’ve-Been-Here-Before Feeling. Déjà Vu They Call It; A Trick Of The Memory. Or Is It?’, when Spicer experiences impossible Déjà vu visions on the Lunar surface of Mare Imbrium, it leads him to an ancient crashed alien spaceship, and its tenuous final survivor has a deceptive tale to tell

1956 – “Cat Up A Tree” (‘Authentic no.72’, August 1956) ‘A Lie Can Always Be Justified If It Is For The Common Good. But What If The Lie Is Not a Lie?’, colonists in the Martian ‘Beehive’ are getting stir-crazy, Drew Banner’s loving wife Janie attacks him with a pair of scissors. Ferguson ‘plants’ a fossil femur as distraction therapy, but ‘that fossil that was found – it isn’t the one we planted!’

1956 – “Lest We Forget” (‘Authentic no.74’, November 1956) ‘A machine works strictly on logic. A criminal, knowing that, could easily beat a mechanical jury’

1956 – “Flesh And Blood” (‘Nebula no.19’, December 1956) art by Martin Frew ‘Whichever way he went only pain and death would meet him – so had Humanity decreed’

1957 – “Trojan Horse” (‘Authentic no.80’, May 1957) novelette, art by PR Green. ‘It was a man-hunt with a difference – they weren’t sure that they were hunting a man. But whoever or whatever had arrived in the space ship had to be found. And found fast!’

1957 – “My Name Is Macnamara” (‘Authentic no.81’, June 1957) novelette, art by Adash. ‘Something was terribly wrong with Macnamara. He woke with a strange wife, stranger talents and no idea how he had come by either. Then he discovered that his name was really something.’ Three men independently devise new technologies which, together, form a matter-transmitter communicating to a distant star. They are aliens on an initiative test, but having passed it, they decide to stay on Earth with their new wives

1957 – “Copy Cat” (‘Authentic no.82’, July 1957) art by Adash. ‘Setting a thief to catch a thief is an old adage. So is fighting fire with fire. But those who play with fire sometimes get burned.’ A poor humorous tale set in the Martian Beehive, a robot-cat companion with a programmed survival-instinct proves deadly

1957 – “Plague” (‘Science Fantasy no.24’, August 1957) novelette with cover art by Jose Rubios, ‘Robert Presslie, in his first story in our pages, presupposes just such a catastrophe (pandemic) – the difference being that the disease is one that primarily affects the emotions. The physical breakdown which follows is such that few people are left unaffected’ ‘An unusual story concerning an unusual type of plague which hits mankind and affects the senses, bringing about a social and moral breakdown’

1957 – “Interrupted View” (‘Authentic no.84’, September 1957) ‘Everyone knows that a woman is utterly devoid of logic and that it’s a mystery how they ever get things done. Here’s one husband who had a quite illogical, but remarkably successful wife.’ Dubious tongue-in-cheek sexism when airhead wife Annabel invents a view-on-demand TV to view future chat-shows

1957 – “Star Tober” (‘Authentic no.85’, October 1957) novelette, cover-art by PR Green. ‘A tober is the place where a circus makes a stand. Sometimes the next tober is a few miles away; sometimes several hundred. But Considine’s Circus set a new, all-time record.’ The complete circus is teleported to a planet of the Arcturus system, where they use their performer-skills to outwit their more mentally-evolved kidnappers

1957 – “Chip On My Shoulder” (‘Nebula no.25’, October 1957) art by Gerard Quinn. ‘He was suffering from a complaint unknown to medical science… and alarming in its possibilities’

1957 – “Comeback” (‘Science Fantasy no.25’, October 1957) reprinted in Sweden (‘Häpna’, Dec 1962) ‘the stage illusionist whose disappearing acts could never be understood by the lay mind. There was a particularly unpleasant reason why’. But if ‘The Great Gustav’ Levant made nine girls disappear into a parallel space-time world fifty years ago, why was there no investigation…?

1958 – “Dial ‘O’ For Operator” (‘Science Fantasy no.27’, February 1958) reprinted in ‘Weird Shadows From Beyond’ – ‘an anthology of Strange Stories’ edited by John Carnell (Corgi Books, 1965). Carnell writes ‘Robert Presslie wrote most of his finest short stories during the middle 1950’s, of which “Dial ‘O’ For Operator” is among his best (many others have been anthologised elsewhere). Most of Mr Presslie’s themes have been simple ones – like this story located in a telephone exchange at night and the slowly creeping horror of a woman in distress.’ Despite her continued terrified phone-calls, the police are unable to find the woman, a dockside prostitute, trapped by a shapeless organism from the sea. The phone-booth she’s calling from is empty. Operator Charlie Groom concludes ‘couldn’t it be that when somebody is in agony or really terrified their minds are so desperate for help that they can jump right out of their own time into another?’ A fine tense story

1958 – “The Fortieth Of December” (‘New Worlds no.68’, February 1958) John Carnell writes ‘So far, Robert Presslie has been making a name for himself in our companion magazine ‘Science Fantasy’, but his main ambition has been to appear in ‘New Worlds’. He makes his debut here with a neat little story of the trials of a Martian colony’. Although he returns to his earlier ‘Beehive’ idea, this is a silly and very dated trifle about the arrival of the first women on Mars, hunting husbands

1958 – “Verdict” (‘Nebula no.28’, March 1958) ‘The situation had been carefully assessed and the machine pronounced its verdict with the logic of infinite consideration’

1958 – “Next Of Kin” (‘New Worlds no.69’, March 1958) ‘The following story is in the nature of a conversation piece and as such develops a rising tempo which is almost sure to catch the reader by surprise as the story unfolds.’ A bead of amber excavated from long-extinct Martian excavations, and a matching one found in Scotland, contain the crystallized souls of Martians intent on saving life on other worlds from nuclear annihilation. An effective fable

1958 – “Old Macdonald” (‘Nebula no.29’, April 1958) 14k word-novel, art by Gerard Quinn. ‘His genius had brought happiness and plenty to one world. Could he also permit it to bring death and destruction to another?’

1958 – “The Champ” (‘Science Fantasy no.29’, June 1958) a gritty tale in which future-Boxers are programmed with the techniques of earlier champions, but when Pop’s boy Danny faces Herb Galloway’s android Roy in the ring, he ends up ‘a son who does not know who he is. Except sometimes he thinks maybe he is Joe Louis’

1958 – “One For The Road” (‘New Worlds no.72’, June 1958) ‘This is a delightful conversation piece by Mr Presslie – five derelict specimens of humanity sitting under a bridge talking, mainly about alcohol. No action takes place, yet a momentous decision is reached which has far-reaching effects.’ One is an alien visitor, another an alien-watcher

1958 – “Take Your Partners” (‘Nebula no.34’, September 1958) reprinted in US edition Jan 1959. A kind of ‘Strictly Come Dancing’ with the Sirian invaders as judges! ‘Bobby Roper was the best ballroom dancer on Earth; why, even the aliens from Sirius thought so’

1958 – “Sendoff” (‘New Worlds no.77’, November 1958), Willy lives fifty years in a small village as a failed experiment in android-assimilation, another by what John Carnell calls ‘a master of the conversation piece’, the issue also includes a Robert Presslie ‘Writer Profile’ with photograph

1958 – “Pariah” (‘Nebula no.37’, December 1958) an explosion at Longdene Nuclear plant, and an irradiated saboteur on the run. Some earnest discussion on the logics of the Cold War arms race, giving both opinions equal weight. Illustration by Kenneth Barr. ‘Through the misty night he wandered, bearing with him his load of hate and creeping death’

1958 – “Another Word For Man” (‘New Worlds no.78’, December 1958) ‘Alien stories make up a considerable proportion of science fiction themes these days – which is not surprising now that homo sapiens is on the threshold of space flight – but it is more with the exploitation of the alien in contact with Man that we are interested. As usual, Robert Presslie has the simple but extremely dynamic approach’. Pierre Medoc, a French-Canadian, pulls a bell-shaped alien from the sea on his lobster pot. H’rola, an untried doctor from planet Fronal, sacrifices itself to save Father St Emilion from a terminal tumor. Like Jean-Luc Picard in ‘Star Trek’, it allows Medoc to introduce ‘merde’ into ‘New Worlds’!

1958 – “Ladies’ Man” (‘Science Fantasy no.32’, December 1958) novelette. ‘Mr Presslie’s story this month deals with an android – but an android the like of which you have never known! This one not only eats (and who ever heard of a synthetic man eating?) but has a magnetic charm for the ladies. One might say, however, that there are wheels within wheels…’ Following android emancipation, Homer Adonis becomes involved in convoluted plot-twists with Nanthy and Leeba Goohan of feuding female-dominated planets Caph and Ruchbah. Narrated by his human secretary Miss Sharon Gold, he outwits them both

1959 – “Suicide Squad” (‘Nebula no.39’, February 1959) novelette, art by Eddie Jones, reprinted in US edition June 1959. ‘It was an ugly and hostile planet which promised only death to men – or a life fuller and more fruitful’

1959 – “Confession Is Good” (‘New Worlds no.82’, April 1959), an android named Ox struggles to interpret contradictory human intentions, and ends up protectively murdering his creators Griffin and Kate

1959 – “The Savage One” (‘SF Adventures no.11’, November 1959) novelette, art by Brian Lewis, ‘On Earth Kramer was a rogue, and as such due to die – but he was destined to become a Soldier of Mirfak and pit his wits against some of the greatest fighters in the galaxy’

1962 – “One Foot In The Door” (‘New Worlds no.121’, August 1962) reprinted in US edition Sep 1962. Carnell says ‘Several years have elapsed since Robert Presslie was writing regularly for us, during which time he produced some exceptionally fine short stories’, this return features salesman Ragg Dante outwitting, crafty devious psi Acamarians over a matter-transmitter relay-station to be sited on their planet, by trading psi-amplifying Schraeder coils which – when reversed, will give Earth an advantage in future dealing

1962 – “Remould” (‘New Worlds no.123’, October 1962) a large-sweep future-disaster novelette. Henneker’s 30,000 are ‘the last tribe in Europe’ migrating beyond the sterility zone between 60 and 20N created by twenty orbiting alien ships. They cross the Bosphorus by raft-flotilla, through Baghdad, to meet the aliens inadvertently responsible who are working to make amends. Revealing that Henneker himself is an alien

1962 – “Lucky Dog” (‘New Worlds no.124’, November 1962) novelette, ‘In a mind suffering from schizophrenia, the switch from ‘Jekyll’ to ‘Hyde’ can be savage in its intensity. Wagner volunteered for induced schizoid experiments and came up with something Man had lost long ago’ – his Propytran-induced animal senses enable him to contact miniaturized aliens on orbital satellite

1962 – “Stethoscope for Sale”, science/medical article – with no autobiographical or SF-related content (‘Vector no.18’, Winter 1962, BSFA publication)

1963 – “Ecdysiac” (‘New Worlds no.126’, January 1963) ‘When Pike, a newspaper correspondent, uncovered a strange chain of events, the only solution was murder. For reasons which Pike found out later, the victim refused to die.’ Cold War James Bond espionage overtones, showing familiarity with its Warsaw setting, but it’s rival forces in covert galactic conspiracy (which had controlled Hitler!) and Pike has already killed him three times

1963 – “Till Life Do Us Part” (‘New Worlds no.127’, February 1963) ‘The colony worlds were modern and progressive, while the remnants of mankind left behind on Earth became more and more decadent’ Deathmembers and Liferenters provide virtual immortality, but Charles van Beer from Venus is forced to change his opinion, they are not just hedonists, Spence Logan is part of an evolutionary project to reach the stars

1963 – “Dipso Facto” (‘New Worlds no.131’, June 1963) ‘It was the greatest contest of all time, with the dice loaded against the Earthman winning. Despite this, fair means produced a win for him in the end.’ Fringe-legal galactic profiteer Ragg Dante intends selling Scotch whisky, and – if Umba is a sewage-farm planet, neighboring Snox is ‘a shattering vision confected of sugar frosting’ a ‘world of detergent-ad whiteness.’ While war is employed ‘if the Federation decided that the drastic measure of deliberately inciting wholesale murder was the best means of catalysing scientific progress in a world gone stale through lack of adversity’, he wins through an eating competition

1963 – “Speaking For Myself” Guest Editorial, and ‘Robert Presslie Writer Profile’ (‘New Worlds no.133’, August 1963) ‘To make any accurate prediction on the form of future SF is impossible. But the fact that it is in a state of flux should be satisfaction enough for anyone. You won’t like all the changes. Nobody ever does… every time he (the writer) introduces the tiniest of innovations he runs the risk of mass unpopularity. But at least he isn’t scared to try. Why should you be scared to go along with him?’

1963 – “Sterilitetsbältet” (reprint of ‘Remould’ in Sweden in ‘Häpna’, November 1963)

1963 – “No Brother of Mine” (‘New Worlds no. 137’, December 1963) ‘a play on human characterization, the major event which occurs is lost in the welter of conflicting personalities’, no time specified but the cleverly-observed mother-son dialogue has an austerity 1950s feel, Davey finds a naked dying Troglodyte, presumably driven to the surface by the same emergency that’s called his mine-worker father back to the pit, reprinted in Sweden as “Icke Min Broder” (‘Häpna’, December 1964)

1964 – “Odödlighet” (reprint of ‘Immortality’ in Sweden in ‘Häpna’, February 1964)

1964 – “Försäljaren” (reprint of ‘The Vendor’ in Sweden in ‘Häpna’, May 1964)

1965 – “Experimentet” (reprint of ‘The Experiment’ in Sweden in ‘Häpna’, May 1965)

1965 – “The Day Before Never” (‘New Writings in SF 6’) London: Dennis Dobson hardback (London, 1965). Corgi paperback (London, 1966). Bantam paperback (New York, March 1971) crossing a devastated Europe subjugated by alien Barbarians, anticipating some elements of New Wave with its casual cruelty and sexual content. The first-person narrator is betrayed and fails in his attempt to set up chain-reaction nuclear explosions along fault-lines that would cause alien-destroying vibrations, but his defiant resistance becomes in itself his dying triumph

1966 – “The Night of the Seventh Finger” (‘New Writings in SF 7’) novelette, Dennis Dobson hardback (London, 1966), dust-jacket by Eric Ayres. Corgi paperback (London, 1966), cover Ken Randall. Bantam paperback (New York, August 1971) a clever temporal-conundrum in which the last diseased humans, returning from the stars, fall through a time-warp, and dolly-bird Sue Bradley is abducted by a seven-fingered Charles Laughton-alike, in Eastwood New Town. ‘Charlieboy’s attempt to change the future is thwarted by Sue’s groupie encounter with ‘Simon Legree & The Slaves’

With thanks to David Redd and Greg Pickersgill fan-site: 

http://www.gostak.org.uk/rp/presslie1.htm

Poem: "Occasionally Paul Eluard"

OCCASIONALLY 

PAUL ELUARD

dawn cross-hatches sheets with cancer
you raise your antlered eyelids and
speak to me through bronze keyholes
as we empty our pockets in frozen ritual,
seventeen insects crawl within my stomach
seventy-four ashtrays scream in silent agony,
you raise your vacuum lips from the pubic fire
of my grateful thighs where you’ve spent the night

the world ceases to exist
beyond our field of perception,
you climb the austere liquid watches
somewhere beyond the monastic emptiness
of vision until canopus defies uranus
across a street clogged with
the silt of unattached retinas,
eventually, unseen conversation
extinguishes itself in
a spill of coins…



Published in: ‘CENTRE SEVENTEEN’ (UK)
‘SECOND COMING’ (USA)
‘GLOBAL TAPESTRY JOURNAL’ (UK)
‘FORERUNNER No.35’ (Australia – November 1975)
also collected into:
‘SECOND COMING ANTHOLOGY’ (USA – March 1984)
‘DEAF EYES’ (Fiasco Publications)

             Paul Eluard (14 December 1895 - 26 November 1952)